Table Of Contents
Introduction
Acknowledgements
Contributor
Chapter 1. An Overview of Neuroanatomy and Neurophysiology Related to Acquired Language Disorders (ALD)
The Neuron
Neurotransmitters
Sensory
The Brain: A Brief Review of Structure and Function
The Coverings of the Brain, Ventricles, and Cerebrospinal Fluid
Cerebral Cortex
The Brainstem
Subcortical Structures
The Cerebellum
Neural Pathways
Cerebral Blood Flow
Cerebrovascular Accidents
Brain Imaging and Selected Medical Tests for Acquired Language Disorders
CAT Scan or CT Scan
MRI
fMRI
PET Scan
SPECT Scan
ASL 9
Examination of the Carotids: Doppler Ultrasound or Auscultation of the Carotids
Endocardiography
Angiography
References
Chapter 2. Assessment and Service Delivery in Acquired Language Disorders
Approaches to Assessment in Acquired Language Disorders
Purpose of Assessment
Assessment of Language Functions
Characteristics of Aphasia
Definitions of the Clinical Characteristics of the Major Aphasias
Areas to Consider Using the ALD Target Assessment Model
The Target Assessment Snapshot in Acquired Language Disorders
Screening and Diagnostic Assessment
Screening Tests
Diagnostic Assessment in Acquired Language Disorders: Making Sound Decisions
Selected Assessments for Acquired Language Disorders
Modifications to Standard Assessments
Goal Setting Based on Diagnostic Results
Service Delivery and the World Health Organization
The International Classification of Functioning (ICF) and Living with Aphasia: Framework for Outcome Measurement (A-FROM model)
Service Delivery for People with Acquired Language Disorders
The Acute Care Setting
The Rehabilitation Setting
The Home Care Setting
The Outpatient Setting
The Long-Term Care (LTC) Setting
Monitoring Change and Continuation of Services
Documentation of Progress
Summary
References
Appendix 2–A: Functional Communication Connections Octagon
Appendix 2–B: Quick Reference Diagnostic Chart for Acquired Language Disorders
Chapter 3. The Major Non-Fluent Aphasias
Introduction
Broca’s Type Aphasia
Characteristics
A Functional Analysis of Maurice
Critical Thinking/Learning Activity
Treatment Considerations
Therapeutic Goals using A-FROM (Kagan, 2011)
Transcortical Motor Aphasia
Characteristics
A Functional Analysis of Vincent
Critical Thinking/Learning Activity
Treatment Considerations
Therapeutic Goals with A-FROM (Kagan, 2011)
Global Aphasia
Characteristics
A Functional Case Analysis for Elizabeth
Critical Thinking/Learning Activity
Treatment Considerations
Therapeutic Goals with A-FROM (Kagan, 2011)
References
Chapter 4. The Fluent Aphasias
Introduction
Wernicke’s Type Aphasia
Characteristics
A Functional Analysis of Mildred’s Wernicke’s Aphasia
Critical Thinking/Learning Activity
Treatment Considerations
Therapeutic Goals Using A-FROM
Transcortical Sensory Aphasia
Characteristics
A Functional Analysis of John’s TSA
Critical Thinking/Learning Activity
Treatment Considerations
Therapeutic Goals Using A-FROM
Conduction Aphasia
Characteristics
A Functional Analysis of Miriam’s Aphasia
Critical Thinking/Learning Activity
Treatment Considerations
Therapeutic Goals Using A-FROM (Kagan, 2011)
Anomic Aphasia
Characteristics
A Functional Analysis of Sophie’s Aphasia
Critical Thinking/Learning Activity
Treatment Considerations
Therapeutic Goals using A-FROM
References
Chapter 5. Other Aphasic Syndromes
Subcortical Aphasia
Introduction
Characteristics of Subcortical Aphasias
A Functional Analysis of Winnie’s Subcortical Aphasia
Critical Thinking/Learning Activity
Treatment Considerations
Therapeutic Goals Using A-FROM
Primary Progressive Aphasia
Introduction
Characteristics
A Functional Analysis of Luis’s Primary Progressive Aphasia
Critical Thinking/Learning Activity
Treatment Considerations
Therapeutic Goals Using A-FROM
Acquired Alexia and Agraphia
Characteristics
Alexia
Agraphia
A Functional Analysis of Sue’s Alexia
Critical Thinking/Learning Activity
Treatment Considerations
Therapeutic Goals Using A-FROM
Aphasia in the Bilingual Person
Recovery Patterns in Bilingual Aphasia
Cognitive Control in Differential Aphasia
A Functional Analysis of Hamid’s Bilingual Aphasia
Critical Thinking/Learning Activity
Treatment Considerations
Therapeutic Goals Using A-FROM
References
Chapter 6. Right Hemisphere Disorder
Introduction
Characteristics
Communication Deficits
RHD and Pragmatic Impairment
Visual-Perceptual Deficits
Visuomotor Deficits
Auditory Perceptual Deficits
Cognitive Deficits
A Functional Analysis of Debra
Critical Thinking/Learning Activity
Treatment Considerations
Therapeutic Goals Using A-FROM
References
Chapter 7. Traumatic Brain Injury
Introduction
Characteristics
Types of Brain Injury
Symptoms Related to Localization of the TBI
Prognostic Considerations in Head Injury
Premorbid Intelligence
Age at the Time of Injury
Duration of Coma
Posttraumatic Amnesia
Medical Complications
Posttraumatic Seizures
Hydrocephalus
Spasticity
Cognitive-Linguistic Impairment Due to TBI
Establishing Goals for the Therapeutic Course
Postconcussive Syndrome
Mild TBI (mTBI)
Rating Scales for Functional Outcomes
Rancho Los Amigos (RLA)
Disability Rating Scale (DRS)
General Treatment Issues
Errorless Learning
A Note about Generalization in People with TBI
A Functional Analysis of Samuel’s TBI
Critical Thinking/Learning Activity
Treatment Considerations
Therapeutic Goals Using A-FROM
References
Chapter 8. Dementia
Introduction
Characteristics
Diagnostic Factors
The Stages of Dementia
Memory Systems and Dementia
Types of Dementia
Vascular Dementia (VaD)
Parkinson’s Dementia
Fronto-Temporal-Parietal Dementias (FTP)
Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease
Huntington’s Disease
Overview of Research on Treatment for Dementia
A Functional Analysis of Max’s Dementia
Critical Thinking/Learning Activity
Treatment Considerations
Therapeutic Goals Using A-FROM
References
Chapter 9. Encephalopathy
Introduction
Characteristics
Drug and Alcohol Intoxication: Two Common Etiologies for Encephalopathy
A Functional Analysis of Tommy
Critical Thinking/Learning Activity
Treatment Considerations
Therapeutic Goals Using A-FROM
References
Chapter 10. Selected Treatment Programs and Approaches
Historical Overview of Efficacy and Evidence in the Treatment of Acquired Language Disorders (ALD) in Adults
Randomized Controlled Trials (rCTs) and Aphasia Treatment
Trends in Treatment for Acquired Language Disorders
Biological and Pharmacologic Interventions
Using Neuroimaging to Predict Recovery in People with Aphasia
Intensity of Treatment
Computer-Assisted Technology and Treatment of Aphasia
AAC for Adults with ALD: Aphasia, PPA, TBI, and Dementia
The Use of Applications (Apps) in the Rehabilitation of the ALD Patient
Selected Treatment Programs for Acquired Language Disorders
A Treatment Sequence for Phonological Alexia/Agraphia
Anagram, Copy, and Recall Therapy (ACRT)
Concurrent Treatment for Reading and Selling in Aphasia: Oral Reading Treatment (ORT) and Copy and Recall Treatment (CART)
Constraint-Induced Language Therapy (CILT)
Conversational Coaching
Divergent Word Retrieval
Life Participation Approach to Aphasia (LPAA)
Lingraphica®
Mapping Therapy
Melodic Intonation Therapy (MIT)
MossTalk Words (MTW)
Narrative Story Cards
Nonsymbolic Movements for Activation of Intention (NMAI)
Normal Sentence Production
Oral Reading for Language in Aphasia (ORLA) and ORLA with Virtual Therapist (ORLA-VT)
Promoting Aphasics’ Communicative Effectiveness (PACE)
Response Elaboration Training (RET)
Schuell’s Stimulation Approach
Semantic Feature Analysis (SFA)
Sentence Production Program for Aphasia (SPPA)
SentenceShaper®
Speech Entrainment
Treatment of Underlying Forms (TUF)
Verb Network Strengthening Treatment (VNeST)
Visual Action Therapy (VAT)
References
Appendix A. Case History Form
Appendix B. Seven Domains Assessment Summary Sheet
Appendix C. Cognitive-Linguistic Evaluation
Appendix D. The World Health Organization and the International Classification of Functioning, Disability, and Health
Appendix E. The Octogon Worksheet for Functional Communication
Appendix F. Test Your Knowledge
Index
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