Table of Contents
Introduction
Acknowledgements
Reviewers
Chapter 1. Speech Acoustics: The Gold at the End of the Rainbow Audiogram
Sylvia Rotfleisch
Why Do We Need to Understand Speech Acoustics?
Section I. Basics of Sound
Key Points
Basics of Sound
Audiogram
A Sound Basis Through Application
Hearing Loss and Detection
Modifying the Signal
Ear Shot/Speech Bubble
Background Noise and Noise Clutter
Audible Versus Intelligible
The 6-dB Significance
The 6-dB Rule
Sounds of Speech
The Basics
Applications
Discussion Questions
Section II. Speech Features
Key Points
Speech Features and Acoustic Correlates
The Basics
The Applications Related to Speech Features
Suprasegmentals, Vowels and Diphthongs
Consonants
Discussion Questions
Section III. Speech Acoustic Tools and Applications
Key Points
Ling Six-Sound Test
Purpose and Administration
Applications of the Ling Six Sounds
Interpretation of the Ling Six Sounds
The Rainbow Audiogram
Applications of the Rainbow Audiogram
Functional Audiogram
Error Analysis to Determine Perception and Error Patterns
Case Study Application of Speech Acoustic Tools
Speech Acoustics and Hearing Loss Configurations
Speech Acoustics and the Impact on Speech Production
Speech Acoustics and Language Development
Case Study Application of Speech Acoustics for Speech and Language Development
The Gold at the End of the Rainbow Audiogram: Applications for Speech Acoustics
Discussion Questions
References
Chapter 2. Guiding and Supporting Parents/Caregivers.
Key Points
Why are Parents Included in Auditory Sessions?
Getting Started – Planning
Emotional Supports for Families
Teaching Parents and Caregivers: Why Are They Part of Every Session?
Family Life: Activities of Daily Living (ADL) as the FOundation of Every Session
Engaging Families in Sessions
Cultural Considerations
Screen Time
Speech Acoustics and Parents
Summary
Discussion Questions
References
Chapter 3. Stages Not Ages Model
Sylvia Rotfleisch and Maura Martindale
Key Points
Stages/Sequence of Development (Flow Chart)
Determining Child’s Level
Expectations for Growth
Brain Functions of Audition
Auditory Processes
Typical Development
Language
Speech
Theory of Mind
Self-Advocacy
Higher-Order Thinking
Summary
Discussion Questions
Cases
Case 1
Case 2
Case 3
References
Chapter 4. Assessment of English Language, Speech and Listening
Maura Martindale
Key Points
Terms and Definitions
General Tips for Assessment of Children
Formal, Standardized Tests for Assessment
Checklists, Observations, and Questionnaires
Brain Functions for Listening and Spoken Language
Assessing Spoken Language
Spoken Vocabulary/Semantics
Language Sampling
Mean Length of Utterance (MLU)
Pragmatic Functions
Speech Assessment (Phonetic and Phonologic)
How to Align Assessment Data with the Proposed Therapy Model
Prelinguistic Stage
Single-Word Stage
Emerging Word Combinations Stage
Communication with Childlike Errors Stage
Competent Communicator Stage
Advanced Communicator Stage
Reporting Your Findings
Goal Setting Based on Data Gathered and Analyzed
Summary
Discussion Questions
References
Chapter 5. Therapy Basics
Sylvia Rotfleisch and Maura Martindale
Key Points
What Should Therapy Look Like? Fun!
The Chocolate Chip Cookie Theory
General Tips for the Sessions
Tools, Strategies, Building Materials
Turn Taking or Serve and Return
Infant- and Child-Directed Speech (IDS, CDS)
Narrating
The Expectant Pause
Waiting, Waiting, and Sometimes … More Waiting …
Blah Blah, Blah Ginger
Joint Attention
Auditory Closure
Auditory Sandwich
Listening Hoop
Enhancing Perception
Acoustic Highlighting
Life in Slow Motion
The Three-Act Play
Expansion
Upping the Ante
Vocabulary Expansion
Discussion Questions
References
Chapter 6. Prelinguistic Stage
Sylvia Rotfleisch
Key Points
Basic Characteristics at the Prelinguistic Stage
Listening
Language
Speech
Goals for the Prelinguistic Stage
Developing an Appropriate Therapy Plan by Addressing Strengths and Areas of Need
Typical Goals for the Prelinguistic Stage
How Do We Work on These Goals?
Targeting and Incorporating Goals
Auditory Attention, Detection, Memory and Discrimination
Auditory Feedback and Development of the Speech
Production System; Auditory Retrieval and Expressive Communication
Language Comprehension Development of Auditory Recognition, Sequencing, and Comprehension
Putting It All Together: Case History
Auditory Processes for Using Sound Meaningfully
Auditory Processes for Learning to Talk
Auditory Processes for Leaning Language
The Intervention Session
Summary
Discussion Questions
References
Chapter 7. Single-Word Communication Stage
Sylvia Rotfleisch
Key Points
Basic Characteristics at the Single-Word Stage of Communication
Listening
Language
Speech
Goals for the Single-Word Stage
Developing an Appropriate Therapy Plan By Addressing Strengths and Areas of Need
Typical Goals for the Single-Word Communication Stage
How Do We Work on These Goals?
Targeting and Incorporating Goals
Auditory Attention, Detection, Memory, Discrimination, Auditory Recognition, Sequencing, and Comprehension
Auditory Feedback and Speech Production Development of the Speech Production System, Auditory Retrieval, and Expressive Communication
Putting It All Together: Case History
Auditory Process for Using Sound Meaningfully
Auditory Process for Learning to Talk
Auditory Process for Learning Language
The Intervention Session
Summary
Discussion Questions
References
Chapter 8. Emerging Word Combinations Stage.
Sylvia Rotfleisch
Key Points
Basic Characteristics of the Child With Emerging Words Combinations
Listening
Language
Speech
Goals for the Emerging Words Combinations Stage
Developing an Appropriate Therapy Plan by Addressing Strengths and Areas of Need
Typical Goals for the Emerging Word Combinations Stage
How Do We Work on These Goals?
Targeting and Incorporating Goals
Auditory Attention, Detection, Memory, Discrimination, Auditory Recognition, Sequencing, and Comprehension
Targeting and Meeting Goals for Development of the Speech Production System: Auditory Retrieval and Expressive Communication
Putting It All Together: Case History
Auditory Process for Using Sound Meaningfully
Auditory Process for Learning to Talk
Auditory Process for Learning Language
The Intervention Session
Summary
The Intervention Session
Summary
Discussion Questions
References
Chapter 9. Communication with Typical Childlike Errors Stage
Sylvia Rotfleisch
Key Points
Basic Characteristics at the Communication with Errors Stage
Listening
Language
Speech
Goals for the Stage of Communication with Errors
Developing an Appropriate Therapy Plan by Addressing Strengths and Areas of Need
Typical Goals for the Communication with Errors Stage
How Do We Work on These Goals?
Targeting and Incorporating Goals
Auditory attention, Detection, Memory, Discrimination, Auditory Recognition, Sequencing, and Comprehension
Auditory Feedback and Expressive Communication
Putting It All Together: Case History
Auditory Process for Using Sound Meaningfully
Auditory Process for Learning to Talk
Auditory Process for Learning Language
Diagnostic Therapy and Informal Assessment
Progress in AVT Sessions
Summary
The Intervention Session
Summary
Discussion Questions
References
Chapter 10. Competent Communicator Stage
Key Points
Basic Characteristics of a Competent Communicator Stage
Listening
Language
Speech
Goals for the Competent Communicator Stage
Developing an Appropriate Therapy Plan by Addressing Strengths and Areas of Need
Typical Goals for the Stage Competent Communicator
How Do We Work on These Goals?
Targeting and Incorporating Goals
Auditory Attention, Detection, Memory, Discrimination, Auditory Recognition, Sequencing, and Comprehension
Auditory Retrieval and Expressive Communication
Putting It All Together: Case History
Auditory Process for Using Sound Meaningfully
Auditory Process for Learning to Talk
Auditory Process for Learning Language
Summary
The Intervention Session
Summary
Discussion Questions
References
Chapter 11. Advanced Communicator Stage
Sylvia Rotfleisch
Key Points
Basic Characteristics of an Advanced Communicator Stage
Listening
Language
Speech
Goals for the Advanced Communicator
Developing an Appropriate Therapy Plan by Addressing Strengths and Areas of Need
Typical Goals for the Advanced Communicator Stage
How Do We Work on These Goals?
Targeting and Incorporating Goals
Auditory Attention, Selection, Memory, Discrimination, Auditory Recognition, Sequencing, and Comprehension
Auditory Retrieval and Expressive Communication
Putting It All Together: Case History
Auditory Process for Using Sound Meaningfully
Auditory Process for Learning to Talk
Auditory Process for Learning Language
Summary
Progress Over Time With Intervention
The Intervention Session
Summary
Discussion Questions
References
Index
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