Case Examples by Disorder
List of Tables
List of Forms and Figures
Preface
Acknowledgments
About the Authors
Part One. Preparing for Effective Intervention
Chapter 1. The Essential Ingredients of Good Therapy: Basic Skills
Philosophy
Universal Design Principles for Learning: An Overarching Framework
General Principles of Intervention
Programming
Selection of Therapy Targets
Sequencing of Therapy Targets
Generalization/Carryover
Termination of Therapy
Formulation of Behavioral Objectives
Theories of Learning
Innateness Theory/Biological Model
Behavioral Model
Constructivism/Interactionist/Integrative Model
Behavior Modification
Types of Reinforcement
Positive Behavioral Interventions and Supports
Schedules of Reinforcement
Key Teaching/Scaffolding Strategies
Homework
Session Design
Basic Training Protocol
Task Order
Dynamics of Therapy
Group Therapy
Data Collection
Recording Session Data
Probes
Collaborative Service Delivery Models
Multitiered Systems of Support/Response to Intervention
Current Challenges of RTI
Treatment Efficacy/Evidence-Based Practice
Treatment Intensity and Dosage
Setting Specific Professional Terminology
Troubleshooting Tips for Therapy Sessions
Conclusion
Additional Resources
Appendix 1–A: Therapy Observation Checklist
Appendix 1–B: Worksheet for Identifying Behavioral Objectives
Appendix 1–C: Worksheet for Formulating and Writing Behavioral Objectives
Appendix 1–D: Sample Daily Therapy Plan
Appendix 1–E: Daily Therapy Plan
Appendix 1–F: Report of Observation Hours
Appendix 1–G: Instructions for Using Data Recording Forms
Appendix 1–H: Sample Positive Behavior Intervention and Support Plan
Chapter 2. Information Reporting Systems and Techniques
Philosophy
Technical Writing Style
Report Formats
Initial Therapy Plan
Session Notes
Progress and Final Reports
Tips for Proofreading Clinical Reports
Individualized Education Program
Due Process
Individualized Family Service Plan
504 Plan
Professional Correspondence
Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act
Additional Resources
Appendix 2–A: Sample Initial Therapy Plan
Appendix 2–B: Sample Progress Report
Appendix 2–C: Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA)
Part Two. Providing Treatment for Communication Disorders
Chapter 3. Intervention for Articulation and Phonology in Children
Treatment Approaches
Traditional
Motor-Kinesthetic
Distinctive Features
Paired Oppositions–Minimal and Maximal
Phonological Processes
Cycles Approach
Core Vocabulary
Metaphon
Oral-Motor Considerations
Treatment Efficacy and Evidence-Based Practice
Target Selection for Intervention Programming
Developmental
Nondevelopmental
Helpful Hints (Functional Articulation Disorders)
Helpful Hints (Phonological Disorders)
Organic Articulation Disorders
Cleft Palate
Helpful Hints
Hearing Impairment
Helpful Hints
Childhood Apraxia of Speech
Helpful Hints
Conclusion
Articulation and Phonology
Oral-Motor Dysfunction
Additional Resources
Articulation
Phonology
Appendix 3–A: Phonetic Placement Instructions for Difficult-to-Teach Sounds
Appendix 3–B: Diadochokinetic Rates for Children
Introduction to Chapters 4 and 5. Introduction to Language Intervention for Children and Adolescents
Classification of Language Disorders
Relationship Between Oral Language and Literacy
Role of the Speech-Language Pathologist in Literacy
Theoretical Models of Intervention
Treatment Efficacy/Evidence-Based Practice
Chapter 4. Intervention for Language in Infants and Preschool Children
Intervention with Infants (Birth to 3 Years)
ASHA Early Intervention Guidelines
Prelinguistic and Early Language Therapy Targets
Helpful Hints
Intervention with Children (3 to 5 Years)
Treatment Approaches for Infants, Toddlers, and Preschoolers
Emergent Literacy Intervention (Birth Through Preschool Years)
Helpful Hints
Conclusion
Additional Resources
Appendix 4–A: Developmental Language Milestones: Birth to 5 Years
Appendix 4–B: Gross and Fine Motor Developmental Milestones
Appendix 4–C: Stages of Cognitive Development
Appendix 4–D: Gesture Developmental Milestones: 9 to 16 Months
Appendix 4–E: Development of Vision
Appendix 4–F: Feeding Developmental Milestones
Appendix 4–G: Stages of Play Development
Appendix 4–H: Developmental Toy List
Appendix 4–I: Examples of Lessons from “Promoting Awareness of Speech Sounds” (PASS)
Chapter 5. Intervention for Language in School-Age Children Through Adolescence
Characteristics of Students Ages 5 to 10 Years
Characteristics of Adolescents 10 to 18 Years
Intervention Considerations for School-Age Children and Adolescents
The Common Core State Standards
Treatment Approaches for School-Age Children and Adolescents
Instructional Strategies for Writing
Helpful Hints
Conclusion
Additional Resources
Appendix 5–A: Types of Cohesion
Chapter 6. Intervention for Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD)
Overview of Autism Spectrum Disorder
Incidence
Etiology
Characteristics of Children with ASD
Social Communication
Repetitive/Restricted Behaviors, Interests, and Activities
Language
Emergent Literacy and Literacy
Medications
Outcomes
Treatment Efficacy/Evidence-Based Practice
Treatment for Autism
Theoretical Models
Treatment Approaches
Helpful Hints
Conclusion
Additional Resources
Chapter 7. Intervention for Adult Aphasia with Introduction to Traumatic Brain Injury
Froma P. Roth, Colleen K. Worthington, and Emily DeAngelis
Aphasia
Classification of Aphasia Syndromes
Treatment Efficacy/Evidence-Based Practice
Treatment for Aphasia
Neuroplasticity
Theoretical Orientations to Aphasia Treatment
Guidelines for Programming and Implementing Therapy
Specific Intervention Procedures
Helpful Hints
Conclusion
Additional Resources
Traumatic Brain Injury
Communication
Executive Functioning
Attention and Memory
Behavior
Treatment Efficacy/Evidence-Based Practice
Treatment for Traumatic Brain Injury
Helpful Hints
Conclusion
Additional Resources
Appendix 7–A: Suggestions for Enhancing Verbal Interaction With a Family Member With Aphasia
Appendix 7–B: Guidelines for Conversational Coaching
Chapter 8. Intervention for Motor-Speech Disorders: The Dysarthrias, Apraxia of Speech, and Dysphagia
Treatment for Motor-Speech Disorders
The Dysarthrias
Treatment Efficacy/Evidence-Based Practice
Treatment for the Dysarthrias
Helpful Hints
Apraxia of Speech
Treatment Efficacy/Evidence-Based Practice
Treatment for Apraxia of Speech
Helpful Hints
Conclusion
Additional Resources
Dysphagia
Treatment for Dysphagia
Helpful Hints
Conclusion
Additional Resources
Chapter 9. Intervention for Fluency
Categories of Stuttering Behaviors
Core Behaviors
Secondary Behaviors
Developmental Disfluencies Versus Stuttering
Treatment for Fluency Disorders
Treatment Efficacy/Evidence-Based Practice
Intervention Techniques
Helpful Hints
Conclusion
Additional Resources
Appendix 9–A: Sample Phrases, Questions, and Monologues
Chapter 10. Intervention for Voice and Alaryngeal Speech
Voice Disorders
Classification of Voice Disorders
Treatment Efficacy/Evidence-Based Practice
Treatment for Voice Disorders
Intervention Techniques
Transgender Voice
Helpful Hints
Alaryngeal Speech
Treatment for Alaryngeal Clients
Mechanical Devices
Esophageal Speech
Tracheoesophageal (TEP) Speech
Helpful Hints
Conclusion
Additional Resources
Appendix 10–A: Additional Dialogue Scripts for Voice Therapy Activities
Chapter 11. Client and Family Counseling
Five Key Traits of an Effective Counselor
Stages of Counseling
Establishing the Therapeutic Relationship
Implementing Counseling Intervention
Terminating the Therapeutic Relationship
Client and Family Emotional Reactions to Communicative Disorders
Counseling Techniques for Communicative Disorders
Group Counseling
Family Systems Counseling
Helpful Hints
Conclusion
Additional Resources
Chapter 12. Multicultural Issues in Intervention
Cultural Competence
Cultural/Ethnic Background
Socioeconomic Status (SES)
Linguistic Differences
Clinical Considerations for Children
Terminology
Patterns of Second Language Acquisition
Educational Models
Clinical Considerations for Adult Populations
Clinical Considerations for Multilingual Populations with Language Disorders
Helpful Hints
Conclusion
Additional Resources
Chapter 13. Contemporary Issues
Critical Thinking
Components of Critical Thinking
Strategies/Techniques for Promoting Critical Thinking
Telepractice
Privacy and Regulatory Issues
Basic Clinician Competencies With Technology
Candidates for Telepractice Services
Simulation Technologies
Standardized Patients (SPs)
Computer-Based Learning Experiences (CBLEs)
Implementation
Coding and Reimbursement
CPT Codes
ICD-10 Codes
Documentation
Conclusion
Appendix A. ASHA Code of Ethics
Appendix B. International Phonetic Alphabet Symbols
Appendix C. Glossary of Selected Medical Terms
Appendix D. Schematic of the Vocal Tract
References
Index
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